IMMUNOTHERAPY IN SPECIFIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES



Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

The gold standard for treating autoimmune illnesses now consists of biological medications as well as small molecule inhibitors that target immune cells, inflammatory cytokines, and intracellular kinases. The therapy of autoimmune conditions like psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, and rheumatoid arthritis can be cured by the suppression of TNF, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23. Anti-CD20 mAb-based B cell depletion therapy has demonstrated encouraging outcomes in subjects with neuroinflammatory disorders, and lupus can be cured by blocking B cell survival factors. By altering T lymphocyte activity, aiming co-stimulatory entities uttered on antigen-revealing cells and T lymphocyte is found to exhibit healing properties in auto-immune disorders. In the realm of autoimmune and hematologic disorders, small entity kinase inhibitors that target the JAK family have recently attracted a lot of attention. Regarding therapeutic effectiveness and safety profiles, there are still unmet medical demands, nonetheless. Emerging treatments use cutting- edge molecular engineering methods to create immunological tolerance without impairing immune function.

About the authors

Sifat Kaur

Chitkara University, Punjab, India

Email: sifat22092.ccp@chitkara.edu.in
India, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India

Reet Verma

Chitkara University, Punjab, India

Email: reet22082.ccp@chitkara.edu.in

Manju Jhakar

Baddi University of emerging sciences and technology, Baddi, H.P., India

Email: manju.jakhar@baddiuniv.ac.in
India

Dr. Nidhi Rani

Chitkara University, Punjab, India

Email: nidhiprajapati8@gmail.com
India

Thakur Gurjeet Singh

Chitkara University, Punjab, India

Author for correspondence.
Email: gurjeetthakur@gmail.com
India

References

  1. Attwood MM, Fabbro D, Sokolov AV, Knapp S, Schiöth HB. Trends in kinase drug discovery: targets,indications and inhibitor design. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2021 Nov;20(11):839-61.
  2. autoimmune diseases. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology. 2020 Oct;59:248-72.
  3. Bell S, Kamm MA. Antibodies to tumour necrosis factor α as treatment for Crohn's disease. The Lancet. 2000 Mar 11;355(9207):858-60.
  4. Bousquet J, Lockey R, Malling HJ. Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases A WHO position paper. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 Oct 1;102(4):558-62.
  5. Brandt J, Haibel H, Cornely D, Golder W, Gonzalez J, Reddig J, Thriene W, Sieper J, Braun J. Successful treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with the anti–tumor necrosis factor α monoclonal antibody infliximab. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 2000 Jun;43(6):1346-52.
  6. Emery P, Breedveld FC, Lemmel EM, Kaltwasser JP, Dawes PT, Gömör B, Van den Bosch F, Nordström D, Bjørneboe O, Dahl R, Hørslev‐Petersen K. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of leflunomide and methotrexate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2000 Jun 1;39(6):655-65.
  7. Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM, Coblyn JS, Maier AL, Helfgott SM, Morrell M, Byrne VM, Kaymakcian MV, Strand V. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of combination treatment with methotrexate and leflunomide in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 1999 Jul;42(7):1322-8.
  8. Noseworthy JH, Lucchinetti C, Rodriguez M, Weinshenker BG. Medical progress. Mult. Scler. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000 Sep 28;343:938-52.
  9. Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH, Kinkel RP, Brownscheidle CM, Murray TJ, Simonian NA, Slasor PJ, Sandrock AW, CHAMPS Study Group. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 Sep 28;343(13):898-904.
  10. Fridkis-Hareli M, Neveu JM, Robinson RA, Lane WS, Gauthier L, Wucherpfennig KW, Sela M, Strominger JL. Binding motifs of copolymer 1 to multiple sclerosis-and rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA-DR molecules. The Journal of Immunology. 1999 Apr 15;162(8):4697-704.
  11. Duda PW, Schmied MC, Cook SL, Krieger JI, Hafler DA. Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®) induces degenerate, Th2-polarized immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2000 Apr 1;105(7):967-76.
  12. Kappos L, Comi G, Panitch H, Oger J, Antel J, Conlon P, Steinman L, Rae-Grant A, Castaldo J, Eckert N, Guarnaccia JB. Induction of a non-encephalitogenic type 2 T helper-cell autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis after administration of an altered peptide ligand in a placebo-controlled, randomized phase II trial. Nature medicine. 2000 Oct;6(10):1176-82.
  13. Bielekova B, Goodwin B, Richert N, Cortese I, Kondo T, Afshar G, Gran B, Eaton J, Antel J, Frank JA, McFarland HF. Encephalitogenic potential of the myelin basic protein peptide (amino acids 83–99) in multiple sclerosis: results of a phase II clinical trial with an altered peptide ligand. Nature medicine. 2000 Oct;6(10):1167-75.
  14. Asadullah K, Döcke WD, Sabat R, Volk HD, Sterry W. The treatment of psoriasis with IL-10: rationale and review of the first clinical trials. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2000 Jan 1;9(1):95-102.
  15. Abrams JR, Lebwohl MG, Guzzo CA, Jegasothy BV, Goldfarb MT, Goffe BS, Menter A, Lowe NJ, Krueger G, Brown MJ, Weiner RS. CTLA4Ig-mediated blockade of T-cell costimulation in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1999 May 1;103(9):1243-52.
  16. Salomon B, Lenschow DJ, Rhee L, Ashourian N, Singh B, Sharpe A, Bluestone JA. B7/CD28 costimulation is essential for the homeostasis of the CD4+ CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells that control autoimmune diabetes. Immunity. 2000 Apr 1;12(4):431-40.
  17. Kukreja A, Maclaren NK. Autoimmunity and diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1999 Dec 1;84(12):4371-8.
  18. Pozzilli P, Pitocco D, Visalli N, Cavallo MG, Buzzetti R, Crino A, Spera S, Suraci C, Multari G, Cervoni M, Manca Bitti ML. No effect of oral insulin on residual beta-cell function in recent-onset type I diabetes (the IMDIAB VII). Diabetologia. 2000 Aug;43:1000-4.
  19. Mohan C, Shi Y, Laman JD, Datta SK. Interaction between CD40 and its ligand gp39 in the development of murine lupus nephritis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950). 1995 Feb 1;154(3):1470-80.
  20. Daikh DI, Wofsy D. Cutting edge: reversal of murine lupus nephritis with CTLA4Ig and cyclophosphamide. The Journal of Immunology. 2001 Mar 1;166(5):2913-6.
  21. Kawai T, Andrews D, Colvin RB, Sachs DH, Cosimi AB. Thromboembolic complications after treatment with monoclonal antibody against CD40 ligand. Nature medicine. 2000 Feb;6(2):114-.
  22. Kalunian KC, Davis Jr JC, Merrill JT, Totoritis MC, Wofsy D, IDEC‐131 Lupus Study Group. Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus by inhibition of T cell costimulation with anti‐CD154: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2002 Dec;46(12):3251-8.
  23. Llorente L, Richaud‐Patin Y, García‐Padilla C, Claret E, Jakez‐Ocampo J, Cardiel MH, Alcocer‐Varela J, Grangeot‐Keros L, Alarcón‐Segovia D, Wijdenes J, Galanaud P. Clinical and biologic effects of anti–interleukin‐10 monoclonal antibody administration in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 2000 Aug;43(8):1790-800
  24. Knight DM, Trinh HA, Le J, Siegel S, Shealy D, McDonough M, Scallon B, Moore MA, Vilcek JA, Daddona P, Ghrayeb J. Construction and initial characterization of a mouse-human chimeric anti-TNF antibody. Molecular immunology. 1993 Nov 1;30(16):1443-53.
  25. Taylor PC, Williams RO, Maini RN. Immunotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Current opinion in immunology. 2001 Oct 1;13(5):611-6.
  26. Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, Keystone EC, Genovese MC, Wasko MC, Moreland LW, Weaver AL, Markenson J. A comparison of etanercept and methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 Nov 30;343(22):1586-93.
  27. Ralph P, Nakoinz IA, Sampson-Johannes A, Fong S, Lowe D, Min HY, Lin L. IL-10, T lymphocyte inhibitor of human blood cell production of IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950). 1992 Feb 1;148(3):808-14.
  28. Vannier E, Miller LC, Dinarello CA. Coordinated antiinflammatory effects of interleukin 4: interleukin 4 suppresses interleukin 1 production but up-regulates gene expression and synthesis of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1992 May 1;89(9):4076-80.
  29. Joyce D, Gibbons DP, Green P, Steer JH, Feldmann M, Brennan FM. Two inhibitors of pro-inflammatory cytokine release, IL-10 and IL-4, have contrasting effects on release of soluble p75 TNF receptors by cultured monocytes. European Journal of Immunology. 1994;24(11):2699-705.
  30. Maini RN, Paulus H, Breedveld FC, Moreland LW, StClair EW, Russell AS, Charles P, Davies D, Grint P, Wherry JC, Feldmann M. rHUIL-10 in subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA): A phase I and cytokine response study. InARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1997 Sep 1 (Vol. 40, No. 9, pp. 1161-1161). 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106: LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL.
  31. Weinblatt ME, St Clair EW, Breedveld FC, Moreland LW, Keystone EC, Lee SH, Robison LB, Furst DE, Bulpitt KJ, Veys EM, Haverty T. RHUIL-10 (TENOVIL) plus methotrexate (MTX) in active rheumatoid arthritis (RA): A phase I/II study. InARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1999 Sep 1 (Vol. 42, No. 9, pp. S170-S170). 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS.
  32. Hermann JA, Hall MA, Maini RN, Feldmann M, Brennan FM. Important immunoregulatory role of interleukin‐11 in the inflammatory process in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 1998 Aug;41(8):1388-97.
  33. WALMSLEY, FELDMANN. An anti‐inflammatory role for interleukin‐11 in established murine collagen‐induced arthritis. Immunology. 1998 Sep;95(1):31-7.
  34. Gracie JA, Forsey RJ, Chan WL, Gilmour A, Leung BP, Greer MR, Kennedy K, Carter R, Wei XQ, Xu D, Field M. A proinflammatory role for IL-18 in rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1999 Nov 15;104(10):1393-401.
  35. Wei XQ, Leung BP, Arthur HM, McInnes IB, Liew FY. Reduced incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis in mice lacking IL-18. The Journal of Immunology. 2001 Jan 1;166(1):517-21
  36. Joosten LA, van de Loo FA, Lubberts E, Helsen M, Netea MG, van der Meer JW, Dinarello CA, van den Berg WB. An IFN-γ-independent proinflammatory role of IL-18 in murine streptococcal cell wall arthritis. The Journal of Immunology. 2000 Dec 1;165(11):6553-8.
  37. Plater-Zyberk C, Joosten LA, Helsen MM, Sattonnet-Roche P, Siegfried C, Alouani S, van de Loo FA, Graber P, Aloni S, Dinarello CA, van den Berg WB. IL-18 blockade is a potential disease-modifying therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2001 Dec;3:1-.
  38. Ruchatz H. Leung BP, Wei XQ, McInnes IB, Liew FY. Soluble IL-15 receptor alpha-chain administration prevents murine collagen-induced arthritis: a role for IL-15 in development of antigen-induced immunopathology. J Immunol. 1998;160:5654-60.
  39. Jakimovski D, Kolb C, Ramanathan M, Zivadinov R, Weinstock-Guttman B. Interferon β for multiple sclerosis. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine. 2018 Nov 1;8(11):a032003.
  40. Ebrahimimonfared M, Ganji A, Zahedi S, Nourbakhsh P, Ghasami K, Mosayebi G. Characterization of regulatory t-cells in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon beta-1a. CNS & Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders). 2018 Mar 1;17(2):113-8.
  41. Schubert RD, Hu Y, Kumar G, Szeto S, Abraham P, Winderl J, Guthridge JM, Pardo G, Dunn J,
  42. Steinman L, Axtell RC. IFN-β treatment requires B cells for efficacy in neuroautoimmunity. The Journal of Immunology. 2015 Mar 1;194(5):2110-6.
  43. Rizzo F, Giacomini E, Mechelli R, Buscarinu MC, Salvetti M, Severa M, Coccia EM. Interferon‐βtherapy specifically reduces pathogenic memory B cells in multiple sclerosis patients by inducing a FAS‐mediated apoptosis. Immunology and Cell Biology. 2016 Oct;94(9):886-94.
  44. Ellis CN, Krueger GG. Treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis by selective targeting of memory effector T lymphocytes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 Jul 26;345(4):248-55.
  45. Gottlieb A, Krueger JG, Bright R, Ling M, Lebwohl M, Kang S, Feldman S, Spellman M, Wittkowski K, Ochs HD, Dedrick R. Effects of administration of a single dose of a humanized monoclonal antibody to CD11a on the immunobiology and clinical activity of psoriasis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 Mar 1;42(3):428-35.
  46. Ettehadi P, Greaves MW, Wallach D, Aderka D, Camp RD. Elevated tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) biological activity in psoriatic skin lesions. Clinical & Experimental Immunology. 1994 Apr;96(1):146-51.
  47. Bougneres PF, Carel JC, Castano L, Boitard C, Gardin JP, Landais P, Hors J, Mihatsch MJ, Paillard M, Chaussain JL, Bach JF. Factors associated with early remission of type I diabetes in children treated with cyclosporine. New England Journal of Medicine. 1988 Mar 17;318(11):663-70.
  48. Stiller CR, Dupre J, Gent M, Jenner MR, Keown PA, Laupacis A, Martell R, Rodger NV, Von Graffenried B, Wolfe BM. Effects of cyclosporine immunosuppression in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of recent onset. Science. 1984 Mar 30;223(4643):1362-7.
  49. Bougnères PF, Landais P, Boisson C, Carel JC, Frament N, Boitard C, Chaussain JL, Bach JF. Limited duration of remission of insulin dependency in children with recent overt type I diabetes treated with low-dose cyclosporin. Diabetes. 1990 Oct 1;39(10):1264-72.
  50. Silverstein A. An Aristotelian resolution of the idiographic versus nomothetic tension. American Psychologist. 1988 Jun;43(6):425.
  51. Eisenbarth GS, Srikanta S, Jackson R, Rabinowe S, Dolinar R, Aoki T, Morris MA. Anti-thymocyte globulin and prednisone immunotherapy of recent onset type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research (Edinburgh, Scotland). 1985 Nov 1;2(6):271-6.
  52. Pescovitz MD, Greenbaum CJ, Krause-Steinrauf H, Becker DJ, Gitelman SE, Goland R, Gottlieb PA, Marks JB, McGee PF, Moran AM, Raskin P. Rituximab, B-lymphocyte depletion, and preservation of beta-cell function. New England journal of medicine. 2009 Nov 26;361(22):2143-52.
  53. Agardh CD, Cilio CM, Lethagen Å, Lynch K, Leslie RD, Palmér M, Harris RA, Robertson JA, Lernmark Å. Clinical evidence for the safety of GAD65 immunomodulation in adult-onset autoimmune diabetes. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2005 Jul 1;19(4):238-46.
  54. Ludvigsson J, Faresjö M, Hjorth M, Axelsson S, Chéramy M, Pihl M, Vaarala O, Forsander G, Ivarsson S, Johansson C, Lindh A. GAD treatment and insulin secretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008 Oct 30;359(18):1909-20.
  55. Tisch R, Yang XD, Singer SM, Liblau RS, Fugger L, McDevitt HO. Immune response to glutamic acid decarboxylase correlates with insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice. Nature. 1993 Nov 4;366(6450):72-5.
  56. Vincent FB, Morand EF, Schneider P, Mackay F. The BAFF/APRIL system in SLE pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2014 Jun;10(6):365-73.
  57. Stohl W, Hilbert DM. The discovery and development of belimumab: the anti-BLyS–lupus connection. Nature biotechnology. 2012 Jan;30(1):69-77.
  58. Furie R, Petri M, Zamani O, Cervera R, Wallace DJ, Tegzová D, Sanchez‐Guerrero J, Schwarting A, Merrill JT, Chatham WW, Stohl W. A phase III, randomized, placebo‐controlled study of belimumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits B lymphocyte stimulator, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2011 Dec;63(12):3918-30.
  59. Brunner HI, Abud-Mendoza C, Viola DO, Penades IC, Levy D, Anton J, Calderon JE, Chasnyk VG, Ferrandiz MA, Keltsev V, Gastanaga ME. Safety and efficacy of intravenous belimumab in children with systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2020 Oct 1;79(10):1340-8.
  60. Furie R, Rovin BH, Houssiau F, Malvar A, Teng YO, Contreras G, Amoura Z, Yu X, Mok CC, Santiago MB, Saxena A. Two-year, randomized, controlled trial of belimumab in lupus nephritis. New England journal of medicine. 2020 Sep 17;383(12):1117-28.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) Rani D., Kaur S., Verma R., Jhakar M., Singh T.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № 77 - 11525 от 04.01.2002.