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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский иммунологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-7221</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-7291</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russian Society of Immunology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16566</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46235/1028-7221-16566-IFC</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Immunotherapy for children with malignant brain tumors</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Иммунотерапия детей со злокачественными опухолями головного мозга</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9777-1220</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgopolov</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгополов</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Head, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Faculty, Deputy Chief Physician for Medical Work</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, заведующий кафедрой педиатрии педиатрического факультета, заместитель главного врача по лечебной работе ГБУЗ Тверской области</p></bio><email>wordex2006@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8398-7001</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rykov</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыков</surname><given-names>Максим Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Associate Professor, Head, Department of Pediatrics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой педиатрии</p></bio><email>wordex2006@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tver State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Тверской государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Children’s Regional Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ Тверской области «Детская областная клиническая больница»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian State Social University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Российский государственный социальный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-03-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-08-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>85</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-13"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-03-13"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Dolgopolov I.S., Rykov M.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Долгополов И.С., Рыков М.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dolgopolov I.S., Rykov M.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Долгополов И.С., Рыков М.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/16566">https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/16566</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The incidence of high-grade malignant gliomas (MG) ranges from 35 to 46% of all central nervous system tumors. Despite combined therapy including surgery, radiation treatment and chemotherapy, overall five-year survival does not exceed 10%. The advent of novel immunotherapeutic strategies has promoted a renewed hopes for the treatment of MG. The aim of the present study was to improve the survival rates of glioma patients.</p> <p>Our study included 5 pediatric patients at the median age of 7.6 years (2-16). Three pts had anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) (1<sup>st</sup> relapse, 1 pt; 2<sup>nd</sup> relapse, in 2 pts), One patient was diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) (3<sup>rd</sup> recurrence), and 1 child had diffuse brainstem glioma (BSG). The median time to the first relapse was 12 months (4 to 16), the second relapse occurred at a median of 5 months (1 to 8). The protocol of immunotherapy included combined administration of autologous dendritic cell-based vaccine (DV) and repeated intrathecal/intraventricular injections of donor allogeneic immunocompetent cells (alloIC) for at least 2 years.</p> <p>Two of 3 pts with AA experienced a progression-free interval of 67 and 71 months. One patient with 3<sup>rd</sup> GBM relapse is alive without any treatment for 13.3 years after starting the immunotherapy. The median time of follow-up was 67 months, with the 2-year overall survival rate of 58%. Two pts died from the disease progression within 6 and 7 months from the beginning of immunotherapy. Over the period of treatment, the patients received a median of 20 alloIC injections (8 to 60), and 18 DV administrations (8 to 44). No serious side-effects were observed.</p> <p>Immunotherapy could be an promising option for treating patients with high-grade malignant gliomas refractory to conventional therapy and, therefore, deserves further investigations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Частота глиом высокой степени злокачественности (ЗГ) составляет от 35% до 46% всех опухолей центральной нервной системы. Несмотря на комбинированную терапию, включающую хирургическое вмешательство, лучевую и химиотерапию, общая пятилетняя выживаемость не превышает 10%. Появление новых иммунотерапевтических стратегий послужило началом для нового направления в лечении данной категории пациентов.</p> <p>Цель – повышение выживаемости пациентов с глиомами.</p> <p>В исследование включены 5 пациентов в возрасте от 2 до 16 лет (средний возраст 7,6 года). У трех пациентов диагностирована анапластическая астроцитома (AA), у одного пациента – мультиформная глиобластома (МГ) (3-й рецидив) и еще у одного пациента – диффузная глиома ствола мозга (ДГ). Среднее время до развития первого рецидива составило 12 месяцев (от 4 до 16 мес.), до развития второго – 5 месяцев (от 1 до 8 мес.). Протокол иммунотерапии включал комбинированное введение аутологичной вакцины на основе дендритных клеток (ДВ) и повторные интратекальные / внутрижелудочковые инъекции донорских аллогенных иммунокомпетентных клеток в течение не менее 2 лет.</p> <p>У двух из трех пациентов с АА интервал без прогрессирования составил 67 и 71 месяц. Один пациент с третьим рецидивом МГ жив без какой-либо терапии через 13,3 года после начала иммунотерапии. Среднее время наблюдения составило 67 месяцев, общая двухлетняя выживаемость составила 58%. Два пациента умерли от прогрессирования заболевания в течение 6 и 7 месяцев от начала иммунотерапии. За период лечения пациенты получали в среднем 20 (от 8 до 60) инъекций аллогенных иммунокомпетентных клеток и 18 (от 8 до 44) инъекций ДВ. Побочных эффектов не наблюдалось.</p> <p>Иммунотерапия может быть привлекательным вариантом для лечения пациентов со злокачественными глиомами высокой степени злокачественности, не поддающимися традиционной терапии, и заслуживает дальнейшего изучения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>glioblastoma</kwd><kwd>astrocytoma</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>dendritic vaccine</kwd><kwd>allogenic cell adoptive therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>глиобластома</kwd><kwd>астроцитома</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>дендритная вакцина</kwd><kwd>адоптивная терапия аллогенными клетками</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Чкадуа Г.З., Заботина Т.Н., Буркова A.A., Тамаева З.Э., Огородникова Е.В., Жорданиа К.И., Кадагидзе З.Г., Барышников А.Ю. 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