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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Immunology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-7221</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-7291</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russian Society of Immunology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17004</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46235/1028-7221-17004-CCO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative characteristics of different endotypes in chronic rhinosinusitis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительная характеристика различных эндотипов хронических риносинуситов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7972-3719</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazareva</surname><given-names>Anna M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазарева</surname><given-names>Анна Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Junior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>a.m.lazareva88@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3992-9207</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>Ольга Валентиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head, Laboratory of Molecular Cellular Pathophysiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующая лабораторией молекулярно-клеточной патофизиологии</p></bio><email>ovsmirnova71@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт медицинских проблем Севера – обособленное подразделение ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр “Красноярский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук”»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-01-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-06-28"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-24"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Lazareva A.M., Smirnova O.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Лазарева А.М., Смирнова О.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lazareva A.M., Smirnova O.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лазарева А.М., Смирнова О.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17004">https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17004</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is the most common reason for visiting an otolaryngologist. Despite inconsistent data on the prevalence of CRS, its average global prevalence was 11.61 ± 5.47%, ranging from a minimum of 1.01% to a maximum of 57.6%. Based on the EPOS 2020 Consensus (European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyposis), CRS is classified into polypous and rhinosinusitis without polyps. Polypous rhinosinusitis represents a special type characterized by a low response rates to conservative therapy and frequent relapses after surgical treatment. These serious medical and social issues require pathogenetic studies of the formation of nasal polyps. This review provides information about immunological features and dysfunction leading to the occurrence of chronic rhinosinusitis with or without polyps. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the literature data on the influence of the first defense line, congenital and acquired immune factors contributing to pathogenesis of polypous and non-polypous CRS.</p> <p>The article provides a review of foreign scientific literature. The authors conducted a search on the role of immune response in formation of chronic rhinosinusitis with and without polyps. We used appropriate keywords and filters in the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, and CyberLeninka databases. The detailed description showed that all parts of immune system do not fully perform their functions. Respiratory epithelium and mucociliary clearance provide the first line of defense at the nasal and sinus mucosa which forms a mechanical barrier to infectious and other invading agents. At the next stage, cells and the innate immune response system, the complement system, participate in elimination of external pathogenic agents. Presentation of antigenic epitopes to lymphocytes generates a specialized adaptive immune response. Tissue remodeling is one of the most relevant aspects of the CRS pathogenesis. It has been shown that this condition is accompanied by increased synthesis of periostin and tissue eosinophilia, enhanced production of cystatin SN, IL-25 and fibroblasts, along with decreased levels of TLR2, TLR4, TGF-B and collagen production, enhanced contents of extracellular neutrophil traps and M1 macrophages. Further study of the immunopathogenetic links in CRS would allow us to develop a personalized algorithm for the diagnostics and treatment of such patients.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Хронический риносинусит (ХРС) – это самая частая причина обращения к оториноларингологу. Несмотря на то, что данные по распространенности риносинуситов противоречивы, средний показатель распространенности в мире составил 11,61±5,47% с разбросом от минимального показателя 1,01% до максимального показателя 57,6%. Основываясь на согласительном документе EPOS 2020 (European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyposis), ХРС делят на полипозный и риносинусит без полипов. Особым видом является полипозный риносинусит, который характеризуется низким ответом на консервативную терапию и частые рецидивы после оперативного лечения. Эти серьезные медико-социальные особенности стимулируют на исследование патогенеза формирования носовых полипов. В данном обзоре представлены сведения об иммунологических особенностях и дисфункциях, приводящих к появлению ХРС с полипами или без них. Цель данного обзора – изучить по данным литературы влияние первой линии защиты, компонентов врожденного и приобретенного иммунитета на патогенез полипозного и неполипозного ХРС. В статье представлен обзор зарубежной научной литературы. Авторами был проведен научный поиск по тематике иммунного ответа при формировании ХРС с полипами и без них. Использовали соответствующие ключевые слова и фильтры в поисковых системах PubMed и Google Scholar, по базам данных Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka. Подробно описано, что все звенья иммунитета не в полном объеме выполняют свои функции. Первой линией защиты слизистой полости носа и пазух является респираторный эпителий и мукоцилиарный клиренс, которые образуют механический барьер к инфекционным и другим проникающим агентам. На следующем этапе в элиминации внешних патогенных агентов принимают участие клетки и система врожденного иммунного ответа, система комплемента. Презентация эпитопа антигена лимфоцитам формирует специализированный адаптивный иммунный ответ. Ремоделирование тканей является одним из наиболее актуальных аспектов патогенеза ХРС. Установлено, что при полипозном риносинусите увеличивается синтез периостина, прогрессирует тканевая эозинофилия, растет выработка цистатина SN, IL-25 и уровень фибробластов, снижается уровень TLR2, TLR4, TGF-β и выработка коллагена, увеличивается внеклеточных нейтрофильных ловушек и уровень М1-макрофагов. Дальнейшее изучение звеньев иммунологического патогенеза ХРС позволит разработать персонифицированный алгоритм диагностики и лечения таких больных.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic rhinosinusitis</kwd><kwd>polypous rhinosinusitis</kwd><kwd>endotypes</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>phenotype</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронический риносинусит</kwd><kwd>полипозный риносинусит</kwd><kwd>эндотипы</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd><kwd>фенотип</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bae C.H., Na H.G., Choi Y.S., Song S.Y., Kim Y.D. 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