<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский иммунологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-7221</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-7291</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russian Society of Immunology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17103</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46235/1028-7221-17103-TCA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Tetraspanin CD9 and CD81: Differential Regulation and Potential Roles in Chemoresistance in Acute and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тетраспанин CD9 и CD81: Дифференциальная регуляция и потенциальная роль в хеморезистентности при остром и хроническом лимфолейкозах</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2088-365X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khadim</surname><given-names>Ameer Hamid</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pathological Laboratory Analysis Department, Faculty of science, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Отдел патологии, факультет наук, университет Куфа, Ирак</p></bio><email>amiralgnabe90@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8276-0825</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mohsin</surname><given-names>Muslim Idan</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IQ">Iraq</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pathological Laboratory Analysis Department, Faculty of science, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq<bold> </bold></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Отдел патологии, факультет наук, университет Куфа, Ирак</p></bio><email>muslim.aljabri@uokufa.edu.iq</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pathological Laboratory Analysis Department, Faculty of science, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Отдел патологии, факультет наук, университет Куфа, Ирак</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-08-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-02"><day>02</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-25"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Khadim A.H., Mohsin M.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Khadim A., Mohsin M.</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khadim A.H., Mohsin M.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Khadim A., Mohsin M.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17103">https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17103</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Tetraspanins (TSPANs) are a family of transmembrane proteins implicated in diverse cellular processes, including signal transduction and cell adhesion. While their precise functions are still being elucidated, their involvement in cancer, particularly leukemia, is increasingly recognized. This study focuses on the multifaceted roles of two specific TSPANs, CD9 and CD81, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), with a specific emphasis on their impact on chemotherapy response. Previous research has established CD9 as a prognostic marker in B-cell ALL (B-ALL), with expression correlating with specific genetic subtypes and glucocorticoid resistance. However, its role in other leukemia subtypes and its precise contribution to chemoresistance remain incompletely understood. Similarly, CD81 has been shown to mediate chemoresistance in B-ALL by facilitating protective interactions with the bone marrow microenvironment, but its significance in CLL and its broader impact on chemotherapy sensitivity require further investigation. This study addresses these gaps by investigating the expression of CD9 and CD81 in ALL and CLL patients, stratified by chemotherapy regimen, including vincristine (VCR), methotrexate (MTX), and doxorubicin (DOXO). Our results demonstrate a statistically significant upregulation of both CD9 and CD81 at the gene and protein levels in ALL patients treated with chemotherapy compared to controls. Furthermore, we observed significant upregulation of CD9 in untreated CLL patients, while no significant difference in CD9 or CD81 expression was found between the ALL and CLL groups. These findings strongly suggest a critical role for CD9 and CD81 in mediating chemoresistance in ALL, particularly in the context of VCR, MTX, and DOXO treatment. Based on these observations, we discuss potential mechanisms by which CD9 and CD81 contribute to leukemogenesis and propose that targeting these TSPANs may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome chemoresistance and improve patient outcomes in leukemia.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Тетраспанины (TSPAN) — это семейство трансмембранных белков, участвующих в различных клеточных процессах, включая передачу сигналов и клеточную адгезию. Хотя их точные функции все еще изучаются, их участие в развитии рака, особенно лейкемии, признается все более важным. Данное исследование посвящено многогранной роли двух специфических TSPAN - CD9 и CD81 - при остром лимфобластном лейкозе (ОЛЛ) и хроническом лимфоцитарном лейкозе (ХЛЛ), в частности- их влиянию на ответ на химиотерапию. Предыдущие исследования установили, что CD9 является прогностическим маркером при B-клеточном ОЛЛ (B-ОЛЛ), причем его экспрессия коррелирует со специфическими генетическими подтипами и резистентностью к глюкокортикоидам. Однако его роль в других подтипах лейкемии и его точный вклад в химиорезистентность остаются недостаточно изученными. Также было показано, что CD81 опосредует химиорезистентность при B-клеточном остром лимфобластном лейкозе (ОЛЛ), способствуя протективному взаимодействию с микроокружением костного мозга. Однако его значение при хроническом лимфолейкозе (ХЛЛ) и более широкое влияние на чувствительность к химиотерапии требуют дальнейшего изучения. Данное исследование восполняет эти пробелы, т.к. экспрессия CD9 и CD81 исследована у пациентов с ОЛЛ и ХЛЛ, стратифицированных по схемам химиотерапии, включая винкристин (VCR), метотрексат (MTX) и доксорубицин (DOXO). Наши результаты демонстрируют статистически значимое повышение экспрессии как CD9, так и CD81 на генном и белковом уровнях у пациентов с ОЛЛ, получавших химиотерапию, по сравнению с контрольной группой. Кроме того, мы наблюдали значительное повышение экспрессии CD9 у нелеченных пациентов с ХЛЛ, в то время как существенной разницы в экспрессии CD9 или CD81 между группами ОЛЛ и ХЛЛ обнаружено не было. Эти результаты убедительно свидетельствуют о критической роли CD9 и CD81 в развитии химиорезистентности при ОЛЛ, особенно в контексте лечения винкристином, метотрексатом и доксорубицином.</p> <p>На основе этих наблюдений мы обсуждаем потенциальные механизмы, посредством которых CD9 и CD81 способствуют лейкемогенезу, и предполагаем, что воздействие на данные TSPAN может представлять собой новую стратегию преодоления химиорезистентности и улучшения результатов терапии лейкозов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tetraspanin</kwd><kwd>CD9</kwd><kwd>CD81</kwd><kwd>Acute lymphoblastic leukemija</kwd><kwd>chronic lymphoid leukemia</kwd><kwd>doxorubicin</kwd><kwd>vincristine</kwd><kwd>methotrexate</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тетраспанин</kwd><kwd>CD9</kwd><kwd>CD81</kwd><kwd>острый лимфобластный лейкоз</kwd><kwd>хронический лимфолейкоз</kwd><kwd>доксорубицин</kwd><kwd>винкристин</kwd><kwd>метотрексат</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Leung KT, Cai J, Liu Y, Chan KYY, Shao J, Yang H, et al. Prognostic implications of CD9 in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: insights from a nationwide multicenter study in China. Leukemia. 2024;38(2):250-7.	Leung KT, Cai J, Liu Y, Chan KYY, Shao J, Yang H, et al. Prognostic implications of CD9 in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: insights from a nationwide multicenter study in China. Leukemia. 2024;38(2):250-7.	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-023-02106-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Liang P, Miao M, Liu Z, Wang H, Jiang W, Ma S, et al. CD9 expression indicates a poor outcome in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Biomarkers. 2018;21(4):781-6.	Liang P, Miao M, Liu Z, Wang H, Jiang W, Ma S, et al. CD9 expression indicates a poor outcome in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Biomarkers. 2018;21(4):781-6.	https://doi.org/10.3233/CBM-181512</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Koh HM, Jang BG, Lee DH, Hyun CL. Increased CD9 expression predicts favorable prognosis in human cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer cell international. 2021;21:1-13.	Koh HM, Jang BG, Lee DH, Hyun CL. Increased CD9 expression predicts favorable prognosis in human cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer cell international. 2021;21:1-13.	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-021-02058-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang C, Chan KYY, Ng WH, Cheung JTK, Sun Q, Wang H, et al. CD9 shapes glucocorticoid sensitivity in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica. 2024;109(9):2833.	Zhang C, Chan KYY, Ng WH, Cheung JTK, Sun Q, Wang H, et al. CD9 shapes glucocorticoid sensitivity in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica. 2024;109(9):2833.	https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2023.283182</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Qiu K-y, Huang L-B, Mai H-R, Li X-y, Tang Y-L, He Y-y, et al. Benefits of the Continuous Use of 6-MP/MTX with Pulses of VCR/DEX in Maintenance Therapy for Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report from South China Children's Leukemia Group.	Qiu K-y, Huang L-B, Mai H-R, Li X-y, Tang Y-L, He Y-y, et al. Benefits of the Continuous Use of 6-MP/MTX with Pulses of VCR/DEX in Maintenance Therapy for Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report from South China Children's Leukemia Group.	https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4853279</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Johnson-Arbor K, Dubey R. Doxorubicin. 2017.	Johnson-Arbor K, Dubey R. Doxorubicin. 2017.	https://europepmc.org/article/nbk/nbk459232</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Muzzafar T, Medeiros LJ, Wang SA, Brahmandam A, Thomas DA, Jorgensen JL. Aberrant underexpression of CD81 in precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: utility in detection of minimal residual disease by flow cytometry. American journal of clinical pathology. 2009;132(5):692-8.	Muzzafar T, Medeiros LJ, Wang SA, Brahmandam A, Thomas DA, Jorgensen JL. Aberrant underexpression of CD81 in precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: utility in detection of minimal residual disease by flow cytometry. American journal of clinical pathology. 2009;132(5):692-8.	https://doi.org/10.1309/AJCP4387Q864D396</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Quagliano A, Gopalakrishnapillai A, Kolb EA, Barwe SP. CD81 knockout promotes chemosensitivity and disrupts in vivo homing and engraftment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood advances. 2020;4(18):4393-405.	Quagliano A, Gopalakrishnapillai A, Kolb EA, Barwe SP. CD81 knockout promotes chemosensitivity and disrupts in vivo homing and engraftment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood advances. 2020;4(18):4393-405.	https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002167</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Afacan-Öztürk HB, Falay M, Albayrak M, Yıldız A, Öztürk ҪP, Maral S, et al. CD81 expression in the differential diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Lab. 2019;65(3):802-13.	Afacan-Öztürk HB, Falay M, Albayrak M, Yıldız A, Öztürk ҪP, Maral S, et al. CD81 expression in the differential diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Lab. 2019;65(3):802-13.	https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2018.181016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Mohsin MI, Al-Shamarti MJ, Mohsin RI, Al-Sahaf S. Role of Interleukin-36 in Response to Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine &amp; Toxicology. 2020;14(3).	Mohsin MI, Al-Shamarti MJ, Mohsin RI, Al-Sahaf S. Role of Interleukin-36 in Response to Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine &amp; Toxicology. 2020;14(3).	DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i3.10545</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Ni Y, Zhou X, Yang J, Shi H, Li H, Zhao X, et al. The role of tumor-stroma interactions in drug resistance within tumor microenvironment. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology. 2021;9:637675. Thapa RK, Nguyen HT, Jeong J-H, Kim JR, Choi H-G, Yong CS, et al. Progressive slowdown/prevention of cellular senescence by CD9-targeted delivery of rapamycin using lactose-wrapped calcium carbonate nanoparticles. Scientific reports. 2017;7(1):43299.	Ni Y, Zhou X, Yang J, Shi H, Li H, Zhao X, et al. The role of tumor-stroma interactions in drug resistance within tumor microenvironment. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology. 2021;9:637675.	https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.637675</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Thapa RK, Nguyen HT, Jeong J-H, Kim JR, Choi H-G, Yong CS, et al. Progressive slowdown/prevention of cellular senescence by CD9-targeted delivery of rapamycin using lactose-wrapped calcium carbonate nanoparticles. Scientific reports. 2017;7(1):43299.	Thapa RK, Nguyen HT, Jeong J-H, Kim JR, Choi H-	https://www.nature.com/articles/srep43299</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Ullah M, Akbar A, Ng NN, Concepcion W, Thakor AS. Mesenchymal stem cells confer chemoresistance in breast cancer via a CD9 dependent mechanism. Oncotarget. 2019;10(37):3435.	Ullah M, Akbar A, Ng NN, Concepcion W, Thakor AS. Mesenchymal stem cells confer chemoresistance in breast cancer via a CD9 dependent mechanism. Oncotarget. 2019;10(37):3435.	https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.26952</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Havas AP. Defining mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance to histone deacetylase inhibitors to develop effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: The University of Arizona; 2016.	Havas AP. Defining mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance to histone deacetylase inhibitors to develop effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: The University of Arizona; 2016.	https://www.proquest.com/openview/8600615e78a266f73170d9ee4f2bb017/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=18750</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Gurashi K. A Multi-Omic Investigation of Molecular Pathogenesis, Cellular Phenotypes, and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities of Blast Phase Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukaemia: The University of Manchester (United Kingdom); 2023.	Gurashi K. A Multi-Omic Investigation of Molecular Pathogenesis, Cellular Phenotypes, and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities of Blast Phase Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukaemia: The University of Manchester (United Kingdom); 2023.	https://www.proquest.com/openview/2691929abb5776c0f1427943daacfcc9/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=2026366&amp;diss=y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Kwok MCK. Novel insights into the clinical heterogeneity and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: University of Birmingham; 2018.	Kwok MCK. Novel insights into the clinical heterogeneity and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: University of Birmingham; 2018.	http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/8560</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Chen L, Liu S, Tao Y. Regulating tumor suppressor genes: post-translational modifications. Signal transduction and targeted therapy. 2020;5(1):90.	Chen L, Liu S, Tao Y. Regulating tumor suppressor genes: post-translational modifications. Signal transduction and targeted therapy. 2020;5(1):90.	https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-0196-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Lagou MK, Anastasiadou DP, Karagiannis GS. A proposed link between acute thymic involution and late adverse effects of chemotherapy. Frontiers in immunology. 2022;13:933547.	Lagou MK, Anastasiadou DP, Karagiannis GS. A proposed link between acute thymic involution and late adverse effects of chemotherapy. Frontiers in immunology. 2022;13:933547.	https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.933547</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
