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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский иммунологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-7221</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-7291</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russian Society of Immunology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17220</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46235/1028-7221-17220-PVO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Gene polymorphisms of proinflammatory cytokines in affective disorders and in association with alcohol dependence</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Полиморфные варианты генов провоспалительных цитокинов при аффективных расстройствах и в случае их коморбидности с алкогольной зависимостью</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1982-8492</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55386990200</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">R-8201-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7609-2051</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Levchuk</surname><given-names>Lyudmila A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левчук</surname><given-names>Людмила Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Scientific Secretary, Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Research Institute of Mental Health</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., ученый секретарь, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной генетики и биохимии Научно-исследовательского института психического здоровья</p></bio><email>levchukniipz@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6464-6474</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">36169533900</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">F-4046-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3214-2623</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vyalova</surname><given-names>Natalia M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вялова</surname><given-names>Наталья Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Research Institute of Mental Health</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной генетики и биохимии Научно-исследовательского института психического здоровья</p></bio><email>natarakitina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57201483055</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAT-8376-2020</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3375-2141</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhalitskaya</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михалицкая</surname><given-names>Екатерина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Researcher, Department of Affective States, Research Institute of Mental Health</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., научный сотрудник отделения аффективных состояний Научно-исследовательского института психического здоровья</p></bio><email>uzen63@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5546-7316</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57188558197</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">P-1482-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4118-1155</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Paderina</surname><given-names>Diana Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Падерина</surname><given-names>Диана Закировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Research Institute of Mental Health</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной генетики и биохимии Научно-исследовательского института психического здоровья</p></bio><email>osmanovadiana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2246-7045</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57211884523</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">J-1725-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3379-6963</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Roschina</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рощина</surname><given-names>Ольга Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Researcher, Department of Affective States, Research Institute of Mental Health</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., научный сотрудник отделения аффективных состояний Научно-исследовательского института психического здоровья</p></bio><email>roshchinaov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9813-3789</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">14028858600</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">I-9405-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4372-4950</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Simutkin</surname><given-names>German G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Симуткин</surname><given-names>Герман Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Leading Researcher, Department of Affective States, Research Institute of Mental Health</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник отделения аффективных состояний Научно-исследовательского института психического здоровья</p></bio><email>ggsimutkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1052-855X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6506895310</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">P-1720-2014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2419-1263</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bokhan</surname><given-names>Nikolay A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бохан</surname><given-names>Николай Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Full Member, Russian Academy of Sciences, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Director, Research Institute of Mental Health, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences; Head, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Narcology with a Course in Medical Psychology, Siberian State Medical University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, директор Научно-исследовательского института психического здоровья ФГБНУ «Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наук»; заведующий кафедрой психиатрии, психотерапии, наркологии с курсом медицинской психологии ФГБОУ ВО «Сибирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</p></bio><email>bna909@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7078-323X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">36113599800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">С-5333-2012</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5776-1365</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>Светлана Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Deputy Director for Research, Research Institute of Mental Health, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences; Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Narcology with a Course in Medical Psychology, Siberian State Medical University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, руководитель лаборатории молекулярной генетики и биохимии, заместитель директора по научной работе Научно-исследовательского института психического здоровья ФГБНУ «Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наук»; профессор кафедры психиатрии, психотерапии, наркологии с курсом медицинской психологии ФГБОУ ВО «Сибирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</p></bio><email>ivanovaniipz@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт психического здоровья, Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наук, Томск, Россия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Psychiatry, Addictology and Psychotherapy Department, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Сибирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Томск, Россия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-01-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>131</fpage><lpage>142</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-03"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-24"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Levchuk L.A., Vyalova N.M., Mikhalitskaya E.V., Paderina D.Z., Roschina O.V., Simutkin G.G., Bokhan N.A., Ivanova S.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Левчук Л.А., Вялова Н.М., Михалицкая Е.В., Падерина Д.З., Рощина О.В., Симуткин Г.Г., Бохан Н.А., Иванова С.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Levchuk L.A., Vyalova N.M., Mikhalitskaya E.V., Paderina D.Z., Roschina O.V., Simutkin G.G., Bokhan N.A., Ivanova S.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Левчук Л.А., Вялова Н.М., Михалицкая Е.В., Падерина Д.З., Рощина О.В., Симуткин Г.Г., Бохан Н.А., Иванова С.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17220">https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17220</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Affective disorders and alcohol dependence are among the most frequent disorders in general population and medical practice. Clinical manifestations in comorbidity of affective and addictive disorders are characterized by heterogeneity and a major degree of severity. They are due to complex biological mechanisms associated with dysregulation of various neuromediator systems. The role of immunoinflammation in the development of affective disorders and alcohol dependence is widely recognized, while the participation of cytokines in the pathophysiology of these disorders is still not extensively studied. The objective of the present study was to investigate polymorphic variants of genes of proinflammatory cytokines, i.e., interleukin-6 (IL6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFA) gene in patients with affective disorder and in a cohort with association of affective disorder and alcohol dependence. Materials and Methods: The study included 239 patients with current depressive episode within bipolar disorder, single depressive episode, recurrent depressive disorder and with dysthymia (F31, F32, F33, F34.1, ICD-10; group F3); 69 patients with comorbid course of alcohol dependence (F10, ICD-10) and affective disorder (group F3+F10), and 205 mentally healthy individuals. The assessment of clinical severity and mental state of a patient was performed in the course of therapy using the SIGH-SAD, SHAPS and SASS scales. Genotyping of DNA samples for the polymorphic variants of IL6 (rs2069840) and TNFA (rs361525, rs1799964) gene markers was conducted using the Real-time PCR method with a QuantStudio™ 5 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA), using of the following reagents: Biomaster UDG HS-qPCR Lo-ROX (2x) (Biolabmix, Russia) and primers the ‘DNA-synthesis’ company (Russia). Results: The analysis of polymorphic IL6 gene variants (rs2069840), and TNFA gene (rs361525, rs1799964) showed a contribution of Т allele (rs1799964) of TNFA gene into the development of alcohol dependence, and an association of IL6 polymorphism (rs2069840) with clinical degree of symptoms of depressive disorders. Our findings confirm the hypothesis about participation of genetically caused alterations in genetic regulation of cytokines in pathogenesis of affective disorders.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Аффективные расстройства и алкогольная зависимость являются одними из наиболее часто встречающихся расстройств как в общей популяции, так и в общемедицинской практике. Клинические проявления при коморбидности аффективных и аддиктивных расстройств отличаются полиморфизмом, большей степенью выраженности и обусловлены сложными биологическими механизмами, связанными с дисрегуляцией различных нейромедиаторных систем. Роль иммуновоспаления в развитии аффективных расстройств и алкогольной зависимости является широко признанной, в то время как участие цитокинов в патофизиологии коморбидности аффективных и аддиктивных расстройств недостаточно изучено. В связи с этим целью настоящего исследования явилось изучение полиморфных вариантов генов провоспалительных цитокинов интерлейкина-6 <italic>IL6</italic> и гена фактора некроза опухоли α <italic>TNFA</italic> у пациентов с аффективным расстройством и коморбидным течением аффективного расстройства и алкогольной зависимости. В исследование включено 239 пациентов с текущим депрессивным эпизодом в рамках биполярного аффективного расстройства, единственного депрессивного эпизода, рекуррентного депрессивного расстройства и с дистимией (F31, F32, F33, F34.1, МКБ-10; группа F3), 69 пациентов с коморбидным течением алкогольной зависимости (F10, МКБ-10) и аффективного расстройства (группа F3 + F10). В контрольную группу вошли 205 психически и соматически здоровых лиц. Оценку тяжести заболевания и психического состояния пациента проводили в динамике терапии с использованием шкал SIGH-SAD, SHAPS и SASS. Генотипирование образцов ДНК пациентов и здоровых лиц по полиморфным вариантам генов маркеров иммуновоспаления<italic> IL6 </italic>(rs2069840) и <italic>TNFA</italic> (rs361525, rs1799964) проводили методом ПЦР в реальном времени (Real-time PCR) на амплификаторе QuantStudio™ 5 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, США) с использованием наборов БиоМастер UDG HS-qPCR Lo-ROX (2×) (ООО «Биолабмикс», Россия) и праймеров компании ООО «ДНК-синтез» (Россия). Анализ полиморфных вариантов гена интерлейкина-6 <italic>IL6 </italic>(rs2069840) и гена фактора некроза опухоли α <italic>TNFA </italic>(rs361525, rs1799964) свидетельствует о вкладе аллеля Т полиморфного варианта rs1799964 гена <italic>TNFA </italic>в развитие алкогольной зависимости и ассоциации полиморфизма rs2069840 гена <italic>IL6</italic> с клинической выраженностью симптомов депрессивных расстройств. Полученные нами результаты подтверждают гипотезу об участии генетически обусловленных изменений в регуляции цитокинов в патогенезе аффективных расстройств.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Depressive disorders</kwd><kwd>alcohol use disorders</kwd><kwd>polymorphic variants of genes</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>interleukin-6</kwd><kwd>TNFα</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Депрессивные расстройства</kwd><kwd>расстройства, связанные с употреблением алкоголя</kwd><kwd>полиморфные варианты генов</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>интерлейкин-6</kwd><kwd>TNFα</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-15-00338</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Иванова С.А., Лосенков И.С., Левчук Л.А., Бойко А.С., Вялова Н.М., Симуткин Г.Г., Бохан Н.А. 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