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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский иммунологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-7221</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-7291</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russian Society of Immunology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17295</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46235/1028-7221-17295-EAS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Efficacy and safety of bacterial-based cancer therapies: a meta-analysis of preclinical and clinical studies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эффективность и безопасность бактериальных методов лечения рака: метаанализ доклинических и клинических исследований</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>Vinod Kumar</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сингх</surname><given-names>Винод Кумар</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor of Medicine, Medical College &amp; Research Centre</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицины, профессор, кафедра медицины, Медицинский колледж и Научно-исследовательский центр</p></bio><email>singhmatrejaprithpal@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>Ajay</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кумар</surname><given-names>Аджай</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor of Medicine, Medical College &amp; Research Centre</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицины, доцент, кафедра медицины, Медицинский колледж и Научно-исследовательский центр</p></bio><email>singhmatrejaprithpal@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matreja</surname><given-names>Prithpal Singh</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матреджа</surname><given-names>Притпал Сингх</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor of Pharmacology, Medical College &amp; Research Centre</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицины, доцент, кафедра фармакологии, Медицинский колледж и Научно-исследовательский центр</p></bio><email>singhmatrejaprithpal@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>Sudhir</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сингх</surname><given-names>Судхир</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor of Microbiology, Medical College &amp; Research Centre</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицины, кафедра микробиологии, Медицинский колледж и Научно-исследовательский центр</p></bio><email>singhmatrejaprithpal@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Teerthanker Mahaveer University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Тиртханкера Махавира</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-08-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>251</fpage><lpage>262</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-25"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-07"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Singh V.K., Kumar A., Matreja P.S., Singh S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Сингх В.К., Кумар А., Матреджа П.С., Сингх С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Singh V.K., Kumar A., Matreja P.S., Singh S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сингх В.К., Кумар А., Матреджа П.С., Сингх С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17295">https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17295</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite significant advancements in conventional therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. However, these approaches often come with severe side effects, treatment resistance, and limited efficacy in certain tumor types, underscoring the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. This meta-analysis explores the therapeutic potential and safety profile of bacterial-based cancer therapies through a systematic review of both preclinical and clinical studies. By targeting the unique properties of the tumor microenvironment, specific bacterial species have shown an ability to preferentially colonize cancerous tissues, modulate immune responses, and serve as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents. In preclinical models, bacterial treatments demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition and improved survival outcomes, with minimal systemic toxicity. Clinical trials evaluated a range of bacterial species including engineered forms of <italic>Salmonella</italic>, <italic>Listeria</italic>, <italic>Clostridium</italic>, and <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic>. Findings indicated varied levels of efficacy in terms of tumor response rates, progression-free survival, and overall survival across different patient cohorts. While some bacterial therapies were associated with notable therapeutic benefits, particularly in prolonging survival and enhancing immune activation, others showed limited efficacy or were accompanied by high rates of adverse events, especially in treatments involving <italic>Listeria</italic>-based agents. Conversely, <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic>-based therapies appeared to offer a more favorable safety profile. The heterogeneity in outcomes highlights the influence of bacterial strain, tumor type, dosage, and treatment combinations. This analysis concludes that bacterial-based therapies represent a promising frontier in oncology, offering a unique mechanism of action and potential synergy with existing treatments. Nevertheless, further large-scale and controlled clinical studies are necessary to optimize bacterial selection, enhance delivery mechanisms, and mitigate toxicity risks. Advancing this therapeutic modality could significantly contribute to the development of more personalized, targeted and effective cancer treatments in the future.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Несмотря на значительные успехи лечения злокачественных новообразований традиционными методами, такими как химиотерапия, лучевая терапия и иммунотерапия, рак остается одной из ведущих причин заболеваемости и смертности во всем мире. Однако эти подходы часто сопровождаются серьезными побочными эффектами, резистентностью к лечению и ограниченной эффективностью при определенных типах опухолей, что подчеркивает острую необходимость в альтернативных терапевтических стратегиях. Данный метаанализ проведен с целью оценки терапевтического потенциала и профиля безопасности бактериальных методов лечения рака на основе систематического обзора, основанного как на доклинических, так и на результатах клинических исследований. Воздействуя на уникальные свойства микроокружения опухоли, определенные виды бактерий продемонстрировали способность избирательно колонизировать раковые ткани, модулировать иммунные реакции и служить в качестве носителей терапевтических агентов. В доклинических моделях бактериальное лечение продемонстрировало значительное подавление роста опухоли и улучшение показателей выживаемости при минимальной системной токсичности. В клинических испытаниях оценивался ряд видов бактерий, включая генно-модифицированные формы <italic>Salmonella</italic>,<italic> Listeria</italic>,<italic> Clostridium </italic>и <italic>Bifidobacterium.</italic> Результаты показали различную эффективность при оценке по критериям частоты ответа опухоли на лечение, выживаемости без прогрессирования и общей выживаемости пациентов в различных клинических группах. В то время как некоторые бактериальные методы лечения были связаны с заметными терапевтическими преимуществами, особенно в продлении выживаемости и усилении активации иммунной системы, другие показали ограниченную эффективность или сопровождались высокой частотой побочных эффектов, особенно при лечении с использованием препаратов на основе <italic>Listeria</italic>. Напротив, методы лечения на основе <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic>, по-видимому, обладают более благоприятным профилем безопасности. Гетерогенность результатов подчеркивает влияние вида и штамма бактерий, типа опухоли, дозировки и комбинаций методов лечения. Этот анализ приходит к выводу, что бактериальные методы лечения представляют собой многообещающее направление в онкологии, предполагая уникальный механизм действия и потенциальную синергию с существующими методами лечения. Тем не менее необходимы дальнейшие крупномасштабные и контролируемые клинические исследования для оптимизации выбора бактерий, улучшения механизмов доставки и снижения рисков токсичности. Развитие этого терапевтического подхода может внести значительный вклад в разработку более персонализированных, целенаправленных и эффективных методов лечения рака в будущем.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Bacteria-based</kwd><kwd>carcinoma</kwd><kwd>tumor</kwd><kwd>therapeutics</kwd><kwd>anticancer</kwd><kwd>clinical</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>drug delivery</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бактерии</kwd><kwd>карцинома</kwd><kwd>опухоль</kwd><kwd>терапия</kwd><kwd>лечение рака</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>доставка лекарств</kwd><kwd>клинические исследования</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Badie F., Ghandali M., Tabatabaei S.A., Safari M., Khorshidi A., Shayestehpour M., Mahjoubin-Tehran M., Morshedi K., Jalili A., Tajiknia V., Hamblin M.R., Mirzaei H. 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