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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский иммунологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-7221</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-7291</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russian Society of Immunology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17305</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46235/1028-7221-17305-COC</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of Cytochemistry and Flow Cytometry for Leukemia Immunophenotyping: A Systematic Review &amp; Meta-Analysis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнение методов цитохимии и проточной цитометрии для иммунофенотипирования лейкозов: систематический обзор и мета-анализ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>Ajay</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кумар</surname><given-names>Аджай</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Associate Professor, Department of General Medicine, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицины, доцент, кафедра внутренних болезней, Медицинский колледж и исследовательский центр Тиртханкер Махавир</p></bio><email>drajaykumar30july@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matreja</surname><given-names>Prithpal Singh</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матрейя</surname><given-names>Притхпал Сингх</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицины, профессор, отдел фармации, Медицинский колледж и исследовательский центр Тиртханкер Махавир</p></bio><email>singhmatrejaprithpal@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>Vinod Kumar</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сингх</surname><given-names>Винод Кумар</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Associate Professor, Department of General Medicine, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College &amp; Research Centre</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докор медицины, доцент, кафедра общей медицины, Медицинский колледж и исследовательский центр Тиртханкер Махавир</p></bio><email>drvinodkumarsingh85@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Awasthi</surname><given-names>Seema</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авасти</surname><given-names>Сеема</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College &amp; Research Centre</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицины, доцент, кафедра патологии, Медицинский колледж и исследовательский центр Тиртханкер Махавир</p></bio><email>seemaawasthi285@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, UP, India</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Тиртханкер Махавир, Морадабад, Уттар-Прадеш, Индия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-10-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-01-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-19"><day>19</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-19"><day>19</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Kumar A., Matreja P., Singh V., Awasthi S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Кумар А., Матрейя П., Сингх В., Авасти С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kumar A., Matreja P., Singh V., Awasthi S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кумар А., Матрейя П., Сингх В., Авасти С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17305">https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17305</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Accurate diagnosis and classification of leukemia are essential for effective treatment planning. Traditional cytochemistry relies on enzyme-based staining for morphological evaluation, while flow cytometry (FCM) employs monoclonal antibodies to detect multiple surface and intracellular markers. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the diagnostic accuracy of cytochemistry and FCM in leukemia immunophenotyping. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies evaluating sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of cytochemistry and FCM in diagnosing acute and chronic leukemia were included. Data extraction covered study characteristics, diagnostic markers, and performance outcomes. Meta-analysis was performed to compare diagnostic values across methods. Results: Eleven eligible studies comprising pediatric and adult leukemia cases were analyzed. Cytochemical stains such as Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Sudan Black B (SBB) showed high specificity (91–100%) and moderate-to-high sensitivity (60–97%), while Periodic Acid–Schiff (PAS) and Nonspecific Esterase (NSE) had lower reliability. FCM demonstrated superior diagnostic performance with average sensitivity of 87.7% and specificity of 85.6%, achieving &gt;95% accuracy in several studies. Marker panels including CD3, CD45, CD79a, and MPO enabled precise subtype differentiation and minimal residual disease (MRD) detection. Conclusion: Cytochemistry remains useful as an affordable screening tool in resource-limited settings, but FCM provides greater sensitivity, specificity, and comprehensive immunophenotypic data, making it the preferred method for leukemia diagnosis and monitoring. Combining both approaches can enhance diagnostic performance across diverse clinical contexts.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Точная диагностика и классификация лейкемии имеют важное значение для эффективного планирования лечения. Традиционная цитохимия основана на ферментативном окрашивании для морфологической оценки, в то время как проточная цитометрия (ПЦ) использует моноклональные антитела для обнаружения множества поверхностных и внутриклеточных маркеров. В данном систематическом обзоре и метаанализе сравнивалась диагностическая точность цитохимии и ПЦ при иммунофенотипировании лейкемии. Методы: Был проведен систематический поиск в базах данных PubMed и Google Scholar в соответствии с рекомендациями PRISMA. Включены исследования, оценивающие чувствительность, специфичность и точность цитохимии и ПЦ при диагностике острых и хронических лейкозов. Извлеченные данные касались характеристик исследований, диагностических маркеров и оценки диагностической эффективности. Был проведен метаанализ для сравнения диагностической ценности различных методов. Результаты: Были выбраны одиннадцать пригодных для анализа исследований, включающих случаи лейкозов у детей и взрослых. Методики цитохимической окраски, такие, как миелопероксидаза (МПО) и Судан черный B (SBB), показали высокую специфичность (91–100%) и умеренную или высокую чувствительность (60–97%), в то время как метод Шифф с периодной кислотой (PAS) и неспецифическая эстераза (NSE) имели более низкую надежность. Проточная цитометрия (ПЦ) продемонстрировала превосходные диагностические характеристики со средней чувствительностью 87,7% и специфичностью 85,6%, достигнув точности &gt;95% в нескольких исследованиях. Панели маркеров, включающие CD3, CD45, CD79a и МПО, позволили точно дифференцировать подтипы и выявлять минимальную остаточную болезнь (MRD). Выводы: Цитохимия остается полезным доступным инструментом скрининга в условиях ограниченных ресурсов, но проточная цитометрия обеспечивает большую чувствительность, специфичность и исчерпывающие иммунофенотипические данные, что делает ее предпочтительным методом диагностики и мониторинга лейкемии. Сочетание обоих подходов может повысить диагностическую эффективность в различных клинических аспектах.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Leukemia</kwd><kwd>Cytochemistry</kwd><kwd>Flow Cytometry</kwd><kwd>Immunophenotyping</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лейкозы</kwd><kwd>цитохимия</kwd><kwd>проточная цитометрия</kwd><kwd>иммунофенотипирование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ahuja A., Tyagi S., Seth T., Pati H.P., Gahlot G., Tripathi P., Somasundaram V., Saxena R. 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