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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский иммунологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-7221</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-7291</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russian Society of Immunology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17326</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46235/1028-7221-17326-GOA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">GENERATION OF AN IMMUNODEFICIENT IFNAR1 KNOCKOUT MOUSE LINE AND CHALLENGES OF THE TRANSGENESIS PROTOCOL USING THE C57BL/6 STRAIN</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ ИММУНОДЕФИЦИТНОЙ ЛИНИИ НОКАУТНЫХ МЫШЕЙ ПО ГЕНУ IFNAR1 И ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПРОТОКОЛА ТРАНСГЕНЕЗА С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ МЫШЕЙ ЛИНИИ C57BL/6</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6504237445</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smetannikova</surname><given-names>Natalia Anatolyevna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сметанникова</surname><given-names>Наталья Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, senior researcher in the Laboratory of Genome Editing (part of the Department of Genomic Research).</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории геномного редактирования (в составе отдела геномных исследований). </p></bio><email>smetannikova@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57222272758</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Davletshina</surname><given-names>Guzel Ildarovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давлетшина</surname><given-names>Гузель Ильдаровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher in the Laboratory of Genome Editing (part of the Department of Genomic Research).</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории геномного редактирования (в составе отдела геномных исследований).</p></bio><email>davletshina_gi@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0571-6935</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korablev</surname><given-names>Alexyy Nikolaevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кораблев</surname><given-names>Алексей Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, senior researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Genome Editing (part of the Department of Genomic Research)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела геномных исследований</p></bio><email>korablevalexeyn@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being (FBRI SRC VB "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное бюджетное учреждение науки «Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора (ФБУН ГНЦ ВБ «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-07"><day>07</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-11"><day>11</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Smetannikova N.A., Davletshina G.I., Korablev A.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Сметанникова Н.А., Давлетшина Г.И., Кораблев А.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Smetannikova N.A., Davletshina G.I., Korablev A.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сметанникова Н.А., Давлетшина Г.И., Кораблев А.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17326">https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17326</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The laboratory mouse is one of the most extensively studied and well-characterized model organisms in biomedical research and is widely used in virology. However, due to interspecies differences between mice and humans, certain experiments are often impossible because mice are naturally resistant to many human viruses. One possible solution is the generation of knockout mice with reduced immunity. Such models exhibit increased susceptibility to various human pathogens and enable studies of viruses for which no specific mouse models currently exist.In this study, we report the generation of a knockout mouse line targeting the <italic>Ifnar1</italic> gene using two CRISPR-based genome editing strategies. The first involves simultaneous exon deletion and integration of an exon flanked by loxP sites, while the second employs a two-step process to flank the exon with loxP sites without deletion. Both approaches aim to create conditional knockout models but can also produce constitutive knockouts through exon removal.Traditionally, embryos for microinjection are obtained from first-generation hybrid females, which simplifies the procedure but requires laborious backcrossing to establish congenic lines. Modern techniques now allow the use of inbred strains for embryo collection and microinjection, significantly reducing the time needed to generate genetically modified mice.In our work, we used the inbred C57BL/6 strain (SPF-vivarium, IC&amp;G SB RAS, Novosibirsk) for embryo collection and microinjection. However, we encountered two main challenges: a marked decrease in the efficiency of the standard superovulation protocol and poor survival rates of injected embryos after transfer. These issues substantially lowered the overall efficiency of the transgenesis workflow and delayed the production of the desired knockout lines.The most plausible explanation for these difficulties is genetic drift in the local mouse colony. The most effective solution is to obtain inbred mouse strains from international facilities that maintain strict genetic quality control. Such an approach would ensure genetic stability, improve reproducibility, and enhance the efficiency of genome editing experiments in inbred mouse lines.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Лабораторная мышь является наиболее изученной и детально охарактеризованной моделью для биомедицинских исследований и является популярным объектом в вирусологии. Однако, вследствие межвидовых различий между мышью и человеком зачастую невозможно проведение экспериментов из-за невосприимчивости мышей ко многим вирусам человека. Один из путей решения этой проблемы – это получение нокаутных мышей с ослабленным иммунитетом. Такие мыши являются универсальными моделями для вирусологических исследований из-за неспецифической повышенной восприимчивостью к различным патогенам человека. Использование таких мышей позволяет проводить с вирусами, для которых нет генетически-модифицированных линий мышей со специфической восприимчивостью. В настоящем исследовании представлены результаты работы по получению нокаутной линии мышей по гену <italic>Ifnar1</italic> при помощи двух разных подходов с использованием системы геномного редактирования CRISPR. Первый – это одномоментное удаление экзона и интеграция фланкированного loxP-сайтами экзона. Второй – это двухэтапная интеграция loxP-сайтов для фланкирования экзона без его удаления. Оба подхода применяются для получения conditional (условного, программируемого) нокаута. Также, для обоих подходов является характерным удаления экзона и получение мышей с классическим (конститутивным) нокаутом. В классических схемах трансгенеза принято получать эмбрионы для микроинъекции от самок-гибридов первого поколения, так как это упрощает работу. Однако, после получения генетически модифицированных мышей требуется проведения времязатратных возвратных скрещиваний для получения конгенных линий. Тем не менее, современные технологии позволяют использовать инбредные линии мышей для получения эмбрионов и микроинъекции, что значительно сокращает время для получения генетически-модифицированных линий мышей. В нашей работе мы использовали инбредную линию мышей C57BL/6 (SPF-виварий ИЦиГ СО РАН, Новосибирск) для получения эмбрионов и микроинъекции. Однако, при проведении данных работ мы столкнулись с несколькими проблемами. Во-первых, мы отмечаем значительное снижение эффективности стандартного протокола суперовуляции. Во-вторых, мы столкнулись с проблемой плохой приживаемости инъецированных эмбрионов после эмбриотрансфера. Обе эти проблемы кардинальным образом снизили эффективность протоколов трансгенеза и затруднили получение целевых нокаутных линий мышей. Наиболее вероятным объяснением проблем, которые возникли в ходе нашей работы, может быть дрейф генов. А самым простым и эффективным способом решения данных проблем является покупка инбредных линий мышей является их покупка из зарубежных вивариев, в которых соблюдаются современные правила по контролю генетической стабильности.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CRISPR</kwd><kwd>genome editing</kwd><kwd>immunodeficient mouse lines</kwd><kwd>genetic drift</kwd><kwd>gene knockout</kwd><kwd>Ifnar1.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>CRISPR</kwd><kwd>редактирование генома</kwd><kwd>иммунодефицитные линии мышей</kwd><kwd>дрейф генов</kwd><kwd>нокаут генов</kwd><kwd>Ifnar1.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках Государственного задания Роспотребнадзора ГЗ-10/21</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">State Assignment No. 10/21 (FBRI SRC VB ‘Vector’ Rospotrebnadzor) supported this research.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>ГЗ-10/21</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korablev A.N., Serova I.A., Skryabin B.V. 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