Russian Journal of ImmunologyRussian Journal of ImmunologyРоссийский иммунологический журнал1028-72212782-7291Russian Society of Immunology1733610.46235/1028-7221-17336-NIEORIGINAL ARTICLESОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИUnknownNOVAL IL-40 EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF SERUM AND SALIVARY IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUSObaidAnwar Tuama
Iraq

Physician Ph.D. Endocrinology and Diabetes Subspecialty;

anwar10002000@Gmail.comAtiaDina Yousif
Iraq

Lab technical, M.Sc. Lab Manager

Dina.Atiya2207@codental.uobaghdad.edu.iqhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2437-4798Al-SaffarOsama B.
Iraq

Assistant Prof. Dr.; Team Leader;

Dep. of Medical Lab Technical, Balad Technical Institution, MTU (Middle Technical University), Baghdad-Iraq;

osama-basem@mtu.edu.iqBaghdad Teaching Hospital, Endocrinology and Diabetes Subspecialty, Iraqi Ministry of Health, (Baghdad-Iraq)Baghdad Al-Russffa Health Directorate, raqi Ministry of Health, (Baghdad-Iraq)Balad Technical Institution, MTU (Middle Technical University), (Baghdad-Iraq)031220251110202525112025Copyright ©; , Al-saffar O.b.Copyright ©; , Al-saffar O.Al-saffar O.b.Al-saffar O.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17336

Background: A robust and extensively documented association exists between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and various metabolic and inflammatory disturbances. (T2DM), obesity and persistent low-grade inflammation accompanied by disruptions in immune system function. A cytokine, Interleukin-40 (IL-40), is largely characterized by its association with B-cell activity and has garnered increasing interest due to its involvement in immune regulation and various inflammatory and autoimmune processes. Nevertheless, the potential role of IL-40 in metabolic conditions, most notably type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has yet to be thoroughly investigated, and current evidence remains scarce regarding its precise significance in this domain. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare serum and salivary IL-40 levels among obese individuals with T2DM, obese individuals without diabetes, and healthy controls. Methods: Ninety participants aged 35–50 years were enrolled and divided equally into three groups: (1) obese with T2DM, (2) obese without T2DM, and (3) healthy controls. Clinical and biochemical assessments included salivary flow rate (SFR), salivary pH, body mass index (BMI), random blood glucose (RBS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and IL-40 concentrations in serum and saliva, measured by ELISAResults: Across the study cohorts, a consistent escalation in IL-40 levels was detected in both serum and saliva, with the lowest levels detected in healthy controls, followed by obese individuals, and the highest in participants with T2DM. These differences were statistically significant in all pairwise comparisons (p=0.0001). Moreover, serum IL-40 demonstrated a strong association with metabolic disorders, as indicated by an odds ratio of 2.45 (p=0.014). Individuals in the T2DM group also presented with significantly reduced salivary flow and lower salivary pH values, alongside elevated BMI and HbA1c levels compared to the other groups. Conclusion: The increased concentrations of IL-40 detected in both serum and saliva of obese and diabetic individuals point toward a possible involvement of this cytokine in the inflammatory mechanisms underlying metabolic disorders. The results underscore the prospective utility of IL-40 as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator for the early detection of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and for monitoring obesity-associated metabolic complications.

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