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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Immunology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Immunology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-7221</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-7291</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russian Society of Immunology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17537</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46235/1028-7221-17537-CIT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Forum Sochi 2026</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Школа Клинической Иммунологии «Сочи-2026»</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">CHANGES IN THE SUBPOPULATION COMPOSITION AND PHENOTYPES OF T-LYMPHOCYTES AND B-LYMPHOCYTES DURING THE USE OF RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN-2 IN PATIENTS WITH POST-COVID SYNDROME</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ СУБПОПУЛЯЦИОННОГО СОСТАВА И ФЕНОТИПОВ Т-ЛИМФОЦИТОВ И В-ЛИМФОЦИТОВ НА ФОНЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ РЕКОМБИНАНТНОГО ИНТЕРЛЕЙКИНА-2 У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ПОСТКОВИДНЫМ СИНДРОМОМ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0338-4647</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3624-9788</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadowski</surname><given-names>Ivan S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садовский</surname><given-names>Иван Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate student, Junior Researcher at the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pathology, of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center 'Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences'", Separate Subdivision "Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North", Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аспирант, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточно-молекулярной физиологии и патологии ФГБНУ Федеральный исследовательский центр «Красноярский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук»», обособленное подразделение «Научно-исследовательский институт медицинских проблем Севера», Красноярск, Российская Федерация;</p></bio><email>sadovskii24@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-5953</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7980-2691</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhalev</surname><given-names>Anton S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михалев</surname><given-names>Антон Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Lecturer at the Institute of Space and Information Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший преподаватель Института космических и информационных технологий</p></bio><email>asmikhalev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5829-672X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3132-8260</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savchenko</surname><given-names>Andrei A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савченко</surname><given-names>Андрей Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD (Medicine), Professor, Head, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pathology, Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Federal Research Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующий лабораторией клеточно-молекулярной физиологии и патологии, Научно-исследовательский институт медицинских проблем Севера – обособленное подразделение ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр “Красноярский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук”»</p></bio><email>aasavchenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6120-159X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4610-7610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Anisimova</surname><given-names>Elena N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анисимова</surname><given-names>Елена Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Medicine, Senior Research Fellow at the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточно-молекулярной физиологии и патологии</p></bio><email>foi-543@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0449-5333</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisov</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисов</surname><given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Deputy Chief Physician for Surgery, Krasnoyarsk Interdistrict Clinical Hospital No. 20 named after I.S. Berzon, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заместитель главного врача по хирургии, Красноярская межрайонная клиническая больница № 20 им. И.С. Берзона, Красноярск, Российская Федерация</p></bio><email>borisov1207@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9026-2615</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9570-2254</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisov</surname><given-names>Alexandr G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисов</surname><given-names>Александр Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD Medicine, Leading Research Associate, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pathology, Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Federal Research Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории клеточно-молекулярной физиологии и патологии, Научно-исследовательский институт медицинских проблем Севера – обособленное подразделение ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр “Красноярский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук”»</p></bio><email>2885263@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific and Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North of the Federal Research Centre "Krasnoyarsk Scientific Centre of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science", Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУФИЦ КНЦ СО РАН «Научно-исследовательский институт медицинских проблем Севера»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Siberian Federal University", Institute of Space and Information Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Сибирский федеральный университет, Институт космических и информационных технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Krasnoyarsk State Budgetary Healthcare Institution Krasnoyarsk Interdistrict Clinical Hospital No. 20 named after I.S. Berzona, Krasnoyarsk, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">КГБУЗ "Красноярская межрайонная клиническая больница № 20 им. И.С. Берзона"</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-08-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-08"><day>08</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-07-22"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Sadowski I.S., Mikhalev A.S., Savchenko A.A., Anisimova E.N., Borisov S.A., Borisov A.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Садовский И.С., Михалев А.С., Савченко А.А., Анисимова Е.Н., Борисов С.А., Борисов А.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sadowski I.S., Mikhalev A.S., Savchenko A.A., Anisimova E.N., Borisov S.A., Borisov A.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Садовский И.С., Михалев А.С., Савченко А.А., Анисимова Е.Н., Борисов С.А., Борисов А.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17537">https://rusimmun.ru/jour/article/view/17537</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Post-COVID syndrome (PCS) is characterized by symptoms of varying etiology and severity, which is largely associated with its multifactorial etiology and the development of local and systemic chronic inflammation. T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and NKT cells are key cells of adaptive immunity that play an important role in the regulation and maintenance of inflammatory processes, determining the direction of the immune response. The features of their subpopulation composition and phenotypes remain insufficiently studied, which hinders the understanding of the mechanisms underlying this condition and, consequently, the development of effective rehabilitation methods.<bold>Aim of the study</bold> – to evaluate the effect of recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) on the subpopulation composition and phenotypic characteristics of lymphocytes in patients with post-COVID syndrome.<bold>Materials and Methods</bold>. The observational prospective study included 29 patients (40–65 years) with post-COVID syndrome who received recombinant IL-2 (0,5 mg subcutaneously three times at 48-hour intervals) in addition to baseline therapy. Immunological parameters were assessed by flow cytometry before and after treatment. The control group consisted of 30 healthy volunteers matched for sex and age.<bold>Results.</bold> At baseline, patients with post-COVID syndrome showed a statistically significant decrease in total B-cell counts, CD19⁺CD5⁻CD23⁺ and CD19⁺CD27⁺ subpopulations, an increase in activated T-helper cells (CD38⁺CD39⁺, CD39⁺CD73⁺), an increased proportion of memory cells and activated T-regulatory cells with a concomitant decrease in effector populations, as well as a reduction in cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and NKT cells. After IL-2 therapy, an increase in NKT-cell counts was observed, especially their mature subpopulations (CD94⁺CD57⁺), along with a rise in activated (CD25⁺) T-helper cells and T-regulatory cells.<bold>Conclusion.</bold> The use of recombinant IL-2 in patients with post-COVID syndrome is accompanied by a significant restructuring of the immune response with activation of the T-cell response and regulatory compartment, as well as partial restoration of the functional activity of the NKT-cell component. The data obtained demonstrate that IL-2-induced correction of the lymphocyte subpopulation composition, including an increase in terminally differentiated CD94⁺CD57⁺ NKT cells, contributes to the enhancement of the immune response and the control of chronic inflammation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Постковидный синдром (PCS) характеризуется симптомами различной этиологии и степени тяжести, что во многом связано с его мульфакториальной этиологией и развитием местного и системного хронического воспаления. Т-лимфоциты, В-лимфоциты и NKT-клетки являются ключевыми клетками адаптивного иммунитета, играющими важную роль в регуляции и поддержании воспалительных процессов, определяя направленность иммунного ответа. Особенности их субпополяционного состава и фенотипов остаются недостаточно изученными, что затрудняет понимание механизмов развития данного состояния и, как следствие, разработку эффективных методов реабилитации.<bold>Цель исследования</bold> - оценить влияние рекомбинантного интерлейкина-2 (IL-2) на субпопуляционный состав и фенотипические характеристики лимфоцитов у пациентов с постковидным синдромом.<bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В обсервационное проспективное исследование включено 29 пациентов (40–65 лет) с постковидным синдромом, получавших рекомбинантный IL-2 (0,5 мг подкожно трижды с интервалом 48 часов) на фоне базовой терапии. Иммунологические показатели оценивали методом проточной цитофлюориметрии до и после лечения. Контрольную группу составили 30 здоровых добровольцев соответствующего пола и возраста.<bold>Результаты.</bold> Исходно у пациентов с постковидным синдромом выявлено статистически значимое снижение общего количества В-клеток, субпопуляций CD19<sup>+</sup>CD5<sup>–</sup>CD23<sup>+</sup> и CD19<sup>+</sup>CD27<sup>+</sup>, повышение активированных T-хелперов (CD38<sup>+</sup>CD39<sup>+</sup>, CD39<sup>+</sup>CD73<sup>+</sup>), увеличение доли клеток памяти и активированных Т-регуляторных клеток при снижении эффекторных популяций, а также уменьшение цитотоксических Т-лимфоцитов и NKT-клеток. После терапии IL-2 наблюдалось увеличение количества NKT-клеток, особенно их зрелых субпопуляций (CD94<sup>+</sup>CD57<sup>+</sup>), рост активированных (CD25<sup>+</sup>) T-хелперов, а также T-регуляторных клеток.<bold>Заключение.</bold> Применение рекомбинантного IL-2 у пациентов с постковидным синдромом сопровождается значимой перестройкой иммунного ответа с активацией Т-клеточного ответа с активацией регуляторного звена, частичным восстановлением функциональной активности NKT-клеточного компонента. Полученные данные демонстрируют, что IL-2-индуцированная коррекция субпопуляционного состава лимфоцитов, в том числе увеличение терминально-дифференцированных CD94⁺CD57⁺ NKT-клеток, способствует усилению иммунного ответа и контролю хронического воспаления.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Post-COVID syndrome</kwd><kwd>T-lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>B-lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>recombinant human interleukin-2</kwd><kwd>immune dysregulation</kwd><kwd>immunorehabilitation.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Постковидный синдром</kwd><kwd>Т-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>В-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>рекомбинантный человеческий интерлейкин-2</kwd><kwd>иммунная дисрегуляция</kwd><kwd>иммунореабилитация.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation within the framework of scientific project No. 26-25-20053 (2025 Competition 'Fundamental and Exploratory Research by Small Individual Scientific Groups').</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда в рамках научного проекта № 26-25-20053 (Конкурс 2025 года «Проведение фундаментальных научных исследований и поисковых научных исследований малыми отдельными научными группами»).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Акинфиева О.В., Бубнова Л.Н., Бессмельцев С.С. 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