PHYSICAL EXERCISE IS THE BEST THERAPY IN REDUCING INTERLEUKIN-6 LEVELS AS AN INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW



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Abstract

Abstract

Background. Unhealthy lifestyles such as consuming less nutritious foods, lack of physical activity trigger accelerated aging. Aging occurs due to the accumulation of inflammation in the body such as increased levels of interleukin-6. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a major pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and autoimmune conditions. Increased levels of IL-6 are associated with systemic inflammation and poor health outcomes. In recent decades, physical exercise has received attention not only for its role in improving fitness but also as a non-pharmacological intervention to modulate the immune response. Currently, it is not well known how exercise affects the IL-6 response. The underlying mechanisms are also still not clearly understood. The physiological response of exercise to IL-6 is important to know and the underlying molecular mechanisms must be clearly understood in order to understand the stages that occur related to the effect of exercise on increasing IL-6.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism by which physical activity lowers interleukin-6 levels.

Materials and methods. In this systematic review study, we searched through literature databases including Science Direct, Web of Science, MEDLINE-Pubmed, and Scopus. Papers published over the past five years that addressed interleukin-6 and physical exercise met as inclusion criteria. The Web of Science, Pubmed, and Science Direct databases were used to locate 126 published papers in total. For this systematic review, ten papers that met the inclusion criteria were selected and examined. Standard operating procedures were evaluated in this study using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).

Results. Based on the results of this systematic study, it is evident that chronic exercise reduces IL-6 levels. Immediately after acute physical exercise, IL-6 levels increased. However, there was a downward trend in IL-6 levels during chronic physical exercise.

Conclusions. Chronic and regular exercise has been shown to reduce IL-6 levels. as a marker of inflammation. If IL-6 can be suppressed through exercise, inflammation will decrease, thus inhibiting aging which is triggered by the accumulation of inflammation.

 

About the authors

Novadri Ayubi

Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia

Email: novadriayubi@unesa.ac.id
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5196-6636
Scopus Author ID: 57537497000

Academic degree            : Doctoral

Academic title                         : Dr.

Indonesia

Junian Cahyanto Wibawa

STKIP PGRI Trenggalek, Trenggalek, Indonesia

Email: juniancahyanto96@stkippgritrenggalek.ac.id
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4667-5981
Scopus Author ID: 59006110400

Academic degree            : Master

Academic title                         : M.Kes.

Indonesia

Joseph Lobo

Bulacan State University, Malolos, Philippines

Email: joseph.lobo@bulsu.edu.ph
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2553-467X
Scopus Author ID: 58640251600

Academic degree            : Doctoral

Academic title                         : Ph.D

Philippines

Anton Komaini

Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia

Email: antonkomaini@fik.unp.ac.id
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2955-0175
Scopus Author ID: 57193789399
Indonesia

Cyuzuzo Callixte

University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda

Email: c.cyuzuzo@ur.ac.rw
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9137-5515
Scopus Author ID: 57804750000

Academic degree            : Master

Academic title                         : M.Sc.

Rwanda

Ainun Zulfikar Rizki

Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia

Email: ainun.20015@mhs.unesa.ac.id
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0249-4908
Scopus Author ID: 57609066200

Academic degree            : Master

Academic title                         : M.Pd.

Indonesia

Alvin Afandi

Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Email: alvinafandi09@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0009-7161-3852
Scopus Author ID: 59538274900

Academic degree            : Master

Academic title                         : M.Pd.

Indonesia

Muhamad Ichsan Sabillah

Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia

Author for correspondence.
Email: muhamadsabillah@unesa.ac.id
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6081-8590
Scopus Author ID: 57795103100

Academic degree            : Doctoral

Academic title                         : Dr.

Indonesia

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