NOVAL IL-40 EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF SERUM AND SALIVARY IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS



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Abstract

Background: A robust and extensively documented association exists between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and various metabolic and inflammatory disturbances. (T2DM), obesity and persistent low-grade inflammation accompanied by disruptions in immune system function. A cytokine, Interleukin-40 (IL-40), is largely characterized by its association with B-cell activity and has garnered increasing interest due to its involvement in immune regulation and various inflammatory and autoimmune processes. Nevertheless, the potential role of IL-40 in metabolic conditions, most notably type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has yet to be thoroughly investigated, and current evidence remains scarce regarding its precise significance in this domain. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare serum and salivary IL-40 levels among obese individuals with T2DM, obese individuals without diabetes, and healthy controls. Methods: Ninety participants aged 35–50 years were enrolled and divided equally into three groups: (1) obese with T2DM, (2) obese without T2DM, and (3) healthy controls. Clinical and biochemical assessments included salivary flow rate (SFR), salivary pH, body mass index (BMI), random blood glucose (RBS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and IL-40 concentrations in serum and saliva, measured by ELISAResults: Across the study cohorts, a consistent escalation in IL-40 levels was detected in both serum and saliva, with the lowest levels detected in healthy controls, followed by obese individuals, and the highest in participants with T2DM. These differences were statistically significant in all pairwise comparisons (p=0.0001). Moreover, serum IL-40 demonstrated a strong association with metabolic disorders, as indicated by an odds ratio of 2.45 (p=0.014). Individuals in the T2DM group also presented with significantly reduced salivary flow and lower salivary pH values, alongside elevated BMI and HbA1c levels compared to the other groups. Conclusion: The increased concentrations of IL-40 detected in both serum and saliva of obese and diabetic individuals point toward a possible involvement of this cytokine in the inflammatory mechanisms underlying metabolic disorders. The results underscore the prospective utility of IL-40 as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator for the early detection of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and for monitoring obesity-associated metabolic complications.

About the authors

Anwar Tuama Obaid

Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Endocrinology and Diabetes Subspecialty, Iraqi Ministry of Health, (Baghdad-Iraq)

Email: anwar10002000@Gmail.com

Physician    Ph.D. Endocrinology and Diabetes Subspecialty;

Iraq

Dina Yousif Atia

Baghdad Al-Russffa Health Directorate, raqi Ministry of Health, (Baghdad-Iraq)

Email: Dina.Atiya2207@codental.uobaghdad.edu.iq

Lab technical, M.Sc. Lab Manager

Iraq

Osama B. Al-Saffar

Balad Technical Institution, MTU (Middle Technical University), (Baghdad-Iraq)

Author for correspondence.
Email: osama-basem@mtu.edu.iq
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2437-4798

Assistant Prof. Dr.; Team Leader;

Dep. of Medical Lab Technical, Balad Technical Institution, MTU (Middle Technical University), Baghdad-Iraq;

Iraq

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