EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF BACTERIAL-BASED CANCER THERAPIES: A META-ANALYSIS OF PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES



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Abstract

AbstractCancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite significant advancements in conventional therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. However, these approaches often come with severe side effects, treatment resistance, and limited efficacy in certain tumor types, underscoring the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. This meta-analysis explores the therapeutic potential and safety profile of bacterial-based cancer therapies through a systematic review of both preclinical and clinical studies. By targeting the unique properties of the tumor microenvironment, specific bacterial species have shown an ability to preferentially colonize cancerous tissues, modulate immune responses, and serve as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents. In preclinical models, bacterial treatments demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition and improved survival outcomes, with minimal systemic toxicity. Clinical trials evaluated a range of bacterial species including engineered forms of Salmonella, Listeria, Clostridium, and Bifidobacterium. Findings indicated varied levels of efficacy in terms of tumor response rates, progression-free survival, and overall survival across different patient cohorts. While some bacterial therapies were associated with notable therapeutic benefits, particularly in prolonging survival and enhancing immune activation, others showed limited efficacy or were accompanied by high rates of adverse events, especially in treatments involving Listeria-based agents. Conversely, Bifidobacterium-based therapies appeared to offer a more favorable safety profile. The heterogeneity in outcomes highlights the influence of bacterial strain, tumor type, dosage, and treatment combinations. This analysis concludes that bacterial-based therapies represent a promising frontier in oncology, offering a unique mechanism of action and potential synergy with existing treatments. Nevertheless, further large-scale and controlled clinical studies are necessary to optimize bacterial selection, enhance delivery mechanisms, and mitigate toxicity risks. Advancing this therapeutic modality could significantly contribute to the development of more personalized, targeted, and effective cancer treatments in the future.

About the authors

Prithpal Singh Matreja

Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, UP, India

Email: Singhmatrejaprithpal@gmail.com

MD, Professor of Pharmacology

India

V. K. Singh

Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, UP, India

Email: Drvinodkumarsingh85@gmail.com

MD, Professor of Medicine

India, TMU MORADABAD

Ajay Kumar

Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, UP, India

Email: drajaykumar30july@gmail.com

MD, Professor of Medicine

India, TMU MORADABAD

Sudhir Singh

Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, UP, India

Author for correspondence.
Email: singhdrsudhir4@gmail.com

MD, Professor of Microbiology

India, TMU MoRADABAD

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