CO-INHIBITORY MOLECULES IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. IMMONOLOGICAL CHECKPOINTS. Part 2. Co-inhibitory molecules part in oncology and infectious diseases. Checkpoints’ blockers monoclonal antibodies

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Abstract

The differentiation and protective capacity of antigen‑specific T‑cells are regulated by both positive and negative signals. Molecules of the B7/CD28 family are very important for regulating T‑cell activation and peripheral tolerance. In particular, PD‑1, CTLA‑4 and other co‑inhibitory molecules play an active role in dampening of excessive immune activation which is critical for successful clearance of a pathogen without harm to the host. These co‑inhibitory molecules (immunological checkpoints) are essential for inducible Treg differentiation and function. On the other hand, overexpression of co‑inhibitory molecules can lead to T‑cell exhaustion, an adaptive property that occurs in T‑cells due to persistent systemic antigen exposure. Exhausted T‑cells are described as effector T‑cells with decreased cytokine expression and effector function. Here, we review a critical role of co‑inhibitory molecules which they play in immunopathogenesis of four immunological syndromes: allergy, autoimmune diseases, chronic infection, and cancer. Reversal of exhausted T‑cells by blocking co‑inhibitory pathways has become an important area due to its therapeutic applications in oncology and chronic viral infections.

About the authors

A. P. Toptygina

G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology; Lomonosov Moscow State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: toptyginaanna@rambler.ru

PhD, MD (Medicine), Leading Research Associate, Laboratory of Cytokines; Professor Chair of Immunology, Faculty of Biology

125212 Moscow, Admirala Makarova ul., 10

Russian Federation

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